〔Abstract〕 Objective Exploring the clinical efficacy and safety of using interleukin-11 (IL-11) combined with recombinant human thrombopoietin injection in the treatment of patients with thrombocytopenia (TP). Methods 150 TP patients who received treatment at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Medical College from August 2022 to August 2023 were randomly divided into a conventional group and a combination group, with 75 patients in each group. The conventional group was treated with IL-11, while the combination group was treated with recombinant human thrombopoietin infusion in addition to the conventional group. Observe the changes in platelet count during treatment in two groups of patients and compare the time when platelet count meets the standard; After 14 days of treatment, observe the changes in serum indicators; Count and compare the incidence of adverse reactions between two groups of patients before discharge. Results At 3, 7, and 14 days of treatment, the platelet count of patients in the combination group was higher than that in the conventional group; The time for platelet count recovery to ≥ 50 × 10⁹ ·L^-1, ≥ 70 × 10⁹ ·L^-1, and ≥ 100 × 10⁹ ·L^-1 in the combined group was shorter than that in the conventional group; After 14 days of treatment, serum levels of thrombopoietin (TPO), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the combination group were lower than those in the conventional group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups of patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion The combination of IL-11 and recombinant human thrombopoietin injection can achieve ideal clinical efficacy in the treatment of TP, effectively shorten the time for platelet compliance, and the combination regimen is safe and reliable.