〔Abstract〕 Objective To explore the effect of retrolaparoscopic partial nephrectomy in the treatment of localized renal tumors. Methods A total of 100 patients with localized renal tumor diagnosed and treated in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hengyang Medical College Nanhua University from February 2020 to December 2022 were selected and divided into an observation group (retrolaparoscopic partial nephrectomy treatment) and a control group (open partial nephrectomy treatment) according to different treatment methods, with 50 cases in each group. The surgical treatment, quality of life score, disease efficacy and complications were compared between the two groups. Results The intraoperative blood loss in the observation group was less than that in the control group, and the operation time was shorter, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The social, environmental, physical and psychological scores in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group was 96.00 %, higher than that of the control group (76.00 %), the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The total incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was 2.00 %, lower than 18.00 % in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Compared with open partial nephrectomy, retrolaparoscopic partial nephrectomy for patients with localized renal tumors can significantly improve the surgical effect, reduce the incidendwce of postoperative complications, and improve the quality of life of patients.