〔Abstract〕 Objective To explore the effect of improving the management process of thalassemia prevention and control project on improving the completion rate of prenatal screening for thalassemia and reducing the birth of children with severe thalassemia. Methods A total of couples who underwent prenatal screening for thalassemia for the first time in Shenzhen Second People's Hospital from January to December 2018 (before improving the management process of thalassemia prevention and control project) were selected as the control group. From January to December 2019 (after improving the management process of thalassemia prevention and control project), the couples who performed prenatal thalassemia screening at the first antenatal examination in Shenzhen Second People's Hospital were set as the observation group. The first routine antenatal examination of the couples in the control group were routinely screened for thalassemia according to the management process of the thalassemia prevention and control project in shenzhen: the blood routine examination of both parties showed that the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and (or) mean corpuscular hemoglobin content (MCH) of one or both parties were abnormal, both parties should return to the hospital again for hemoglobin electrophoresis analysis. If the MCV and MCH of blood routine examination of both parties were normal, the primary thalassemia: while the couples were taking blood from blood routine tests, each of them took one more tube of blood for standby. If the MCV or (and) MCH of one or both parties were abnormal, hemoglobin electrophoresis analysis of both parties could be carried out immediately. If the MCV and MCH of the blood routine tests of both parties were normal, the primary screening of thalassemia was completed normally. The reserved blood samples were discarded or informed to the pregnant couple that it can be used as other test items. Compare the abnormal rate of blood routine examination, the detection rate of hemoglobin electrophoresis analysis within the following month, the completion rate of primary screening for thalassemia, and the situation of children with moderate and severe thalassemia not diagnosed before delivery and pregnancy between the two groups, and evaluate the effect of improving the management process of prenatal thalassemia prevention and control project.Results Finally, 2851 couples were included in the observation group and 3012 couples were included in the control group. The completion rate of prenatal screening was 90.11 % in the control group and 99.93 % in the observation group, which was higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The hemoglobin analysis rate of the couples with abnormal blood routine examination in the control group was 67.54 %, and 100.00 % in the observation group. the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). One child with moderate and severe α-thalassemia was born in the control group, and the pregnant woman was not diagnosed before delivery, while there was no case in the observation group. There were no children with moderate and severe β-thalassemia in the two groups. Conclusion The improvement of the management process of thalassemia prevention and control project can effectively improve the detection rate of hemoglobin electrophoresis analysis and the completion rate of prenatal screening for thalassemia, which is conducive to reducing the number of infants with severe thalassemia.