〔Abstract〕 Objective To compare the efficacy of superficial cervical plexus nerve block combined with dexmedetomidine and general anesthesia in parathyroidectomy. Methods 74 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy in Nanyang Central Hospital from December 2020 to December 2021 were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group by computer method, with 37 patients in each group. During the treatment, the control group was given general anesthesia, and the observation group was given superficial cervical plexus block combined with dexmedetomidine anesthesia. The changes of vital signs, anesthesia effect, arterial blood gas indexes, sedation and adverse reactions of patients in the two groups were compared. Results The total effective rate of the observation group was 97.30%, which was higher than 83.78% of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The heart rate 30 min after surgery in both groups was higher than that 5 min after surgery, and the diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure in both groups were lower than those 5 min after surgery, and the heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The scores of skin resection, gland separation and incision suture in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, and the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was higher than that in the control group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 2.70%, lower than 16.22% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significants (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe effect of superficial cervical plexus nerve block combined with dexmedetomidine in parathyroidectomy is obviously better than that of general anesthesia, which can stabilize the arterial blood gas index, and the incidence of adverse reactions is low.