〔Abstract〕Objective To compare the efficacy of transurethral ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy and retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy in the treatment of ureteral calculi and their influence on the levels of inflammatory factors. Methods A total of 93 patients with ureteral calculi treated in the 900th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force Putian Medical District from January 2018 to January 2021 were selected and divided into control group and observation group according to different treatment methods. Among them, 45 patients in the control group were treated with retrolaparoscopic ureterolithotomy, and 48 patients in the observation group were treated with transurethral ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotriptomy. Operation time, pain time, length of hospital stay, one-time stone clearance rate, incidence of complications, and levels of inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10)] before and after operation were compared between the two groups. Results The operation time, hospital stay and pain time in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group, and the total incidence of postoperative complications and inflammatory factor levels were lower than those in the control group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the one-time stone clearance rate between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Compared with retrolaparoscopic ureterolithotomy, transurethral ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteral calculi takes less time, has less physical trauma to patients, fewer complications, minor postoperative inflammation, and is more conducive to the recovery of patients.