〔Abstract〕 Objective To compare the effect of short segment internal fixation of injured vertebra with and without screw on thoracolumbar burst fracture. Methods A total of 93 patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture admitted to Yancheng Third People's Hospital from December 2018 to October 2020 were selected and divided into control group with 46 cases and observation group with 47 cases according to computer grouping method. The control group was treated with short segment internal fixation without screw placement, and the observation group was treated with short segment internal fixation with screw placement in the injured vertebra. Perioperative indicators, fixation effect and postoperative complications of the two groups were observed. Results There were no significant differences in operation time, hospital stay and intraoperative blood loss between the two groups (P > 0.05). Six months after surgery, Cobb's angle and wedge angle of injured vertebra in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group (2.13%) was lower than that in the control group (17.39%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The injury vertebral nail and the non-resettile short segment fixed treatment of chest and lumbar burst fractures are equivalent to the perioperative indicators, but compared with the immobilization of the nail segment, the racebreck can improve the breast-hethum. Fracture effects of fracture, reducing postoperative complications.