〔Abstract〕 Objective To investigate the level and significance of interleukin (IL) - 17 and IL-10 in Synovium tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods From March 2016 to April 2019, 80 cases of surgically resected Synovium tissue specimens diagnosed as RA in Huizhou Third People's Hospital were selected as the observation group, and 20 cases of osteoarthritis (OA) specimens were selected as the control group. Immunohistochemical envision staining was performed in both groups. The levels of IL-17 and IL-10 in synovial tissue were compared between the two groups, and the correlation between IL-17 and IL-10 was analyzed. Results The positive rate of IL-17 in RA group was higher than that in control group (P < 0.05); There was no significant difference in the positive rate of IL-10 between the two groups (P > 0.05); There was no significant difference in the positive rates of IL-17 and IL-10 in synovial coated cells and subsynovial tissues (P > 0.05). Spearman rank correlation test showed that there was a negative correlation between IL-17 and IL-10 in RA group (r = – 0.623, P < 0.05). Conclusion The level of IL-17 in synovial tissue of RA patients increased significantly, while IL-10 decreased to a certain extent, and there is a negative correlation between the expression of IL-17 and IL-10.The imbalance of their expression has a certain value in the prediction of the pathogenesis of RA.