〔Abstract〕 Objective To compare the therapeutic effects of different surgeries in the clinical treatment of patients with low rectal cancer, so as to select better surgical methods. Methods A total of 60 patients with rectal cancer who visited Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Chongqing Wansheng Economic and Technological Development Zone from January 2017 to January 2020 were selected and divided into two groups by randomized control method, with 30 cases in the observation group and 30 cases in the control group. The observation group was treated by laparoscopic surgery, and the control group was treated by open surgery. The surgical indicators (surgical time, abdominal wall incision length, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay) and postoperative rehabilitation status (anal exhaust time, fluid intake time, postoperative time out of bed) of the two groups were compared. Results The operation time, hospital stay and abdominal wall incision length in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group, and the amount of intraoperative blood loss was less than that in the control group, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). The anal exhaust time, fluid intake time and postoperative time out of bed in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Patients with low rectal cancer treated by laparoscopic surgery, patients with rapid postoperative recovery, high safety, excellent radical treatment effect, small incision, surgical indicators have been significantly improved.